tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62153602703715551622024-03-19T04:34:02.590-07:00NCR: Analisis Data & Penulisan Laporan PenyelidikanPenganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-64726680324754175662012-12-01T21:56:00.002-08:002012-12-01T21:56:21.000-08:00DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">What is descriptive research?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This research is the most commonly used and
the basic reason for carrying out descriptive research is to identify the cause
of something that is happening. For instance, this research could be used
in order to find out what age group is buying a particular brand of cola,
whether a company’s market share differs between geographical regions or to
discover how many competitors a company has in their marketplace. However, if
the research is to return useful results, whoever is conducting the research
must comply with strict research requirements in order to obtain the most
accurate figures/results possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Descriptive Research </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8989db; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Overview</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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This chapter discusses the types of quantitative study that fall under the
broad heading of descriptive quantitative research. This type of research
involves either identifying the characteristics of an observed phenomenon or
exploring possible correlations among two or more phenomena. In every case,
descriptive research examines a situation as it is. It does not involve
changing or modifying the situation under investigation, nor is it intended to
detect cause–effect relationships. Examples of descriptive research that yields
quantitative data are correlation studies, developmental designs, observation
studies, and survey research. The emphasis is on survey research. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h1 style="background: #F8FCFF;">
<span lang="EN">Descriptive
research<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h3 style="background: #F8FCFF;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research#column-one#column-one">navigation</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_research#searchInput#searchInput">search</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN">Descriptive
research</span></b><span lang="EN">, also known as <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a>
research</b>, describes data and characteristics about the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">population</a> or phenomenon being studied.
Descriptive research answers the questions <i>who</i>, <i>what</i>, <i>where</i>,
<i>when</i> and <i>how</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: #F8FCFF;">
<span lang="EN">Although
the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot
describe what caused a situation. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used to
create a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal
relationship</a></i>, where one variable affects another. In other words,
descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_validity" title="Internal validity">internal
validity</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">The
description is used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_%28disambiguation%29" title="Frequency (disambiguation)">frequencies</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average" title="Average">averages</a> and
other statistical calculations. Often the best approach, prior to writing
descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a> often has the aim of <i>description</i>
and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist
and what the implications of the findings are.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">What si causal research?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Casual Research explores the effect of one
thing on another and more specifically, the effect of one variable on another.
The research is used to measure what impact a specific change will have on
existing norms and allows market researchers to predict hypothetical scenarios
upon which a company can base its business plan. For example, if a clothing
company currently sells blue denim jeans, casual research can measure the
impact of the company changing the product design to the colour white.
Following the research, company bosses will be able to decide whether changing
the colour of the jeans to white would be profitable. To summarise, casual research
is a way of seeing how actions now will affect a business in the future<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">What is Exploratory Research? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This genre of research simply allows the
marketer to gain a greater understanding of something that s/he doesn’t know
enough about. For example, just because we know that 3G phones exist, it
doesn’t necessarily mean that we understand how they work. Exploratory
research can help in this instance. Differing mainly in design from <a href="http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=800&Itemid=64">descriptive
research</a>, exploratory research is used principally to gain a deeper
understanding of something. The design is far more flexible and dynamic than
that of <a href="http://www.marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=800&Itemid=64">descriptive
research</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Descriptive
research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the
phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or
conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which
describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the
relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to
determine changes over time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Statement of the problem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identification of information needed to solve the problem</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selection or development of instruments for gathering the
information</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identification of target population and determination of
sampling procedure</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Design of procedure for information collection</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Collection of information</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analysis of information</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Generalizations and/or predictions</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Survey
Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Survey
studies assess the characteristics of whole populations of people or
situations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9"
o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">School Surveys</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Used to gather data concerned with internal or external
characteristics of a school system</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Job Analysis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Used to gather information to be used in structuring a training program for
a particular job</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11"
o:spid="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Documentary Analysis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Closely akin to historical research; deals with
documenting present situations</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12"
o:spid="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_12" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Public Opinion Surveys</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Used to enhance the decision making process by
government officials</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
o:spid="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Community Surveys</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Used to gather data concerned with internal or external
characteristics of a community</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interrelationship
Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interrelationship
Studies trace relationships among the facts obtained to gain a deeper insight
into the situation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14"
o:spid="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Case Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Probes in depth into an individual situation or personality with the intent
of diagnosing a particular condition and recommending corrective measures</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15"
o:spid="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Causal Comparative Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Compares the likeness and difference among phenomena to
determine if certain factors or circumstances tend to accompany certain
events, conditions, or processes</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16"
o:spid="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Correlation Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Determine the extent of the relationship between two or
more variables</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Developmental
Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Developmental
studies are concerned with the existing status and interrelationships of
phenomena and changes that take place as a function of time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17"
o:spid="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Growth Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - May be either longitudinal or cross-sectional. The
longitudinal technique is the most satisfactory for studying human
development. The cross-sectional technique is more commonly used because it
is less expensive.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18"
o:spid="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_18" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trend Studies</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Used to make predictions from social trends, economic conditions,
technological advances, etc. to future status</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19"
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visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model or System Development</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Creative development of a model or system (paradigm)
based on a thorough determination of the present situation or system and the
goals sought</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evaluation</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20"
o:spid="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Critical Examination of Source Materials</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Descriptive studies cannot
produce useful findings if the investigation is based on erroneous information</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21"
o:spid="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_21" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Technical Terminology</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - An absence of clearly assigned meanings for terms
results in ambiguous communications which cannot provide a solid foundation
for scientific understanding</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22"
o:spid="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_22" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formulation of Hypotheses</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Ambiguously formulated overgeneralized or logically
unsound hypotheses lead to erroneous conclusions</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_23"
o:spid="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Observation and Experimentation</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Experimentation involves the
manipulation of independent variables under controlled laboratory conditions
and direct observation of the results. Observing the phenomena as they exist
may be the only way to examine and analyze the factors that are associated
with their occurrences in a natural situation</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 31.5pt;" valign="top" width="42">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_24"
o:spid="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:15pt;
visibility:visible'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="blebul1a"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_24" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 100.0%;" valign="top" width="100%">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Generalization and Prediction</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - Universal generalizations that permit highly accurate
predictions may be ideal, but even the physical scientists are less certain
today than they once were of their ability to predict in certain areas except
in terms of scientific probability.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SELF
ASSESSMENT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Define descriptive research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. List
eight steps involved in a descriptive investigation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
State the purpose of survey studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Name
five types of survey studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
State the purpose of interrelationship studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Name
three types of interrelationship studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
State the purpose of developmental studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Name
three types of developmental studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century Schoolbook","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.
Discuss five methods of evaluating descriptive research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Descriptive
Research<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Descriptive
research involves the collection of data in order to test hypotheses or to
answer questions concerning the current status of the subjects of the study.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conducting
a Descriptive Research Study<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
process of conducting a descriptive research study would include the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">State the hypotheses or
questions you hope to answer with your descriptive study. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Define subjects. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Develop the instrumentation for
your study. Usually this involves selecting or more often developing a
questionnaire. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Validate the questionnaire. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prepare a cover letter <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pretest the questionnaire <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plan how you will deal with
non-respondents and with items not completed. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Description and analysis of
results. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Common
Types of Self-report Research<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some of
the common types of self-report research are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Survey research - a survey is
an attempt to collect data from members of a population in order to
determine the current status of that population with respect to one or
more variables. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sample survey - simple random
sample or stratified random sample. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Census survey - entire
population is surveyed <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Developmental studies <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cross sectional approach - different
ages of subjects are studied at the same time. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Longitudinal approach - follow
up a single group of subjects. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Follow-up studies <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sociometric studies <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An
Example of Questionnaire Development<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
teacher or other educator conducting descriptive research will frequently need
to develop a questionnaire to gather the data for the descriptive research
study.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jon
Enderle and Susan Severson, the authors of the <i>Enderle-Severson Transition
Rating Scale</i>(ESTR), wished to gather information directly from students in
regard to their perceptions of their transition planning for the next stage in
their development. They also wished to gather this information around the same
areas measured by the ESTR Scale (Jobs and Job Training, Recreation and
Leisure, Home Living, Community Participation, and Post Secondary Training and
Learning Opportunities). They developed a series of open-ended questions and
check boxes for each of the areas of the ESTR scale. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.mnstate.edu/wasson/ed603/TransitionPlaning.jpg">Future
Outcomes/Goals Assessment Scale</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Click Here
to Display the Future Outcomes/Goals Assessment Scale<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
Hypothetical Example of a Questionnaire For A Descriptive Research Study<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You are an
educational researcher who is interested in the relationship between classroom
size and teacher characteristics such as gender and height. To get some
preliminary data that might shed some light on this question you decide to do a
descriptive study in regard to some of the variables that might be of
importance to you. You decide that you need to get information from teachers
about themselves, about their classroom, and about how they were assigned to
their particular classroom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You need
to specify the following information for your descriptive study (as you need to
do to complete Assignment 10) for Ed 603. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The research problem for the
study <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The subjects for the study <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Specific questions to be
answered by the questionnaire <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The questionnaire developed to
answer the questions <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
research problem for the study<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is
the height, room size, and gender for elemenary classroom teachers in a Midwest
urban school district?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
subjects for the study<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
subjects for the study will be all of the classroom teachers in five elementary
schools, randomly selected from among all of the elementary schools in an urban
midwest school district.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Specific
questions to be answered by the questionnaire<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is your teaching
assignment in your school? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What room are you assigned to
teach in? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How was this room assigned to
you? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the lenght of your
assigned classroom? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the width of your
assigned classroom? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How many students are assigned
to your classroom? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is your gender? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is your height? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How many have you been
teaching? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How many years have you been
teaching in your present school? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Questionnaire
developed to answer these questions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ELEMENTARY
TEACHER SURVEY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Education Department of Local U is conducting a survey of the elementary
teachers in your school district. Please complete the following questionnaire.
Your responses to this questionnaire will be kept confidential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is your primary teaching
assignment? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Kindergarten Teacher <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____First Grade Teacher <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Second Grade Teacher <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Third Grade Teacher <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Fourth Grade Teacher <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Fifth Grade Teacher <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Sixth Grade Teacher <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Other (please specify)
___________________________ <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is your gender (male or
female)? __________ <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How tall are you?
_______inches. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How long have you been
teaching? _____years. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How long have you been teaching
in your current school? _____years. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the room number of your
classroom? __________ <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How was this room assignmed to
you? <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____I selected it. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____The principal assigned it
to me. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____The principal assigned it
to me in consultation. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____The room assignment was
specified by the grade I teach. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____Other (please
specify)____________________________ <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the length of your
classroom? _____Feet _____Inches <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the width of your
classroom? _____Feet _____inches <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How many windows does your classroom
have, excluding window in door? _____ <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How many students are assigned
to your classroom? _____ <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-91656304674362327512012-12-01T21:46:00.000-08:002012-12-01T21:46:19.926-08:00Contoh Analisis Deskriptif<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 9pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15pt;">Contoh Analisis Deskriptif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt;">Writen by <a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/09263864430770480626" title="author profile"><span style="color: #660000;">Ardhi Prabowo </span></a>at <a href="http://karyailmiah-ardhiprabowo.blogspot.com/2010/05/contoh-analisis-deskriptif.html" title="permanent link"><span style="color: #660000;">9:30:00 AM</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh Analisi deskriptif pada sebuah kegiatan penelitian tindakan kelas
ini dapat dijadikan rujukan bagaimana melakukan analisis deskriptif. Pada
dasarnya untuk melakukan analisis deskriptif, yang dilakukan sesungguhnya
adalah mencari pola tindakan yang muncul dari berbagai tindakan yang dilakukan.
Untuk sebagian orang, terutama orang sains, melakukan analisis deskriptif ini sungguh
sesuatu yang tidak nyaman. namun, perlu diingat, bahwa melakukan analisi
deskriptif bukan berarti tidak melakukan analisis kuantitatif. analisis
rata-rata dan grafik dapat pula disajikan.<br />
<br />
Berdasarkan hasil olah data sederhana, data hasil ulangan harian siswa kelas
VII diperoleh grafik sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tabel 1. Grafik Nilai Ulangan Harian
Siklus I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tabel 2. Grafik nilai rata-rata
kelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dari tabel tersebut di atas, dapat dikatakan bahwa hasil rata- rata nilai Ulangan
Harian I adalah 55,03, hasil rata- rata nilai Ulangan Harian II adalah 50,34,
hasil rata- rata nilai Ulangan Harian III adalah 56,37. Dengan demikian terjadi
penurunan rata-rata nilai ulangan harian I dan II sebesar 4,68, terjadi
peningkatan rata- rata nilai ulangan harian II dan III sebesar 6,03, dan
terjadi peningkatan rata- rata nilai ulangan harian I dan III sebesar 1,34.
Hasil rerata nilai ulangan harian pada kelompok 1 sampai dengan 6 adalah
sebagai berikut 55,28 ; 54,06 ; 53,94 ; 52,00 ; 54,22 ; dan 54,24.<br />
<br />
Dari hasil analisis data nilai ulangan harian kelompok, diketahui bahwa
rata-rata nilai ulangan harian siswa pada kelompok 1 lebih baik daripada nilai
kelompok yang lain. Dan rata-rata nilai kelompok 4 ternyata paling buruk
dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang lain. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa nilai
rerata yang diperoleh masih berada di bawah 65, yaitu nilai yang dimungkinkan
agar tindakan dapat dihentikan. Tabel tersebut juga menunjukkan hasil yang
fluktuatif. Artinya tindakan guru dalam pembelajaran masih dipengaruhi oleh
banyak hal di luar pengamatan observer.<br />
<br />
Dari hasil ulangan harian, dapat dilihat bahwa rata-rata nilai ulangan harian
dalam kelompok tidak berbeda jauh, artinya kemampuan siswa dalam memahami
konsep matematika di tiap kelompok berimbang. Dengan kata lain, dapat dikatakan
pula bahwa anggota kelompok adalah heterogen. Berdasarkan tindakan yang
dilaksanakan pada saat pembelajaran kooperatif, digambarkan denah ruang kelas
saat pembelajaran berlangsung adalah sebagai berikut.<br />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Gambar 1. Denah kelompok siswa dalam
pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
Dari fakta tersebut, ditemukan bahwa kelompok yang berada dekat dengan meja
guru memperoleh nilai yang baik, bahkan rata-rata nilai siswa di kelompok 1
adalah yang terbaik di kelas. Sedangkan kelompok yang jauh dari meja guru,
dalam hal ini adalah siswa di kelompok 4, memiliki rata-rata nilai yang kurang
baik, berdasarkan table 2 tersebut di atas. Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas,
dapat disimpulkan bahwa rata-rata nilai ulangan harian siswa belum memenuhi
indikator keberhasilan tindakan. Artinya tindakan yang dilakukan guru belum
dapat meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa. Guru juga belum dapat memberikan
pembimbingan secara merata, hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan nilai rata-rata
siswa di kelompok yang jauh dengan meja guru memperoleh nilai rata-rata yang
masih di bawah rata-rata nilai ulangan haris kelompok yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-56770651538032171492012-11-30T18:29:00.002-08:002012-12-01T21:26:41.579-08:00ANALISIS INFERENSI<br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 115%;">Tulisan yang dikaitkan 'Inferensi'<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://exponensial.wordpress.com/2010/06/29/inferensi-statistika-2/" title="Permalink ke Inferensi Statistika">Inferensi Statistik</a></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Inferensi
statistik adalah pengambilan kesimpulan tentang parameter populasi berdasarkan
analisa pada sampel. Beberapa hal yang perlu diketahui berhubungan dengan
inferensi statistik iaitu estimasi titik, estimasi interval dan uji hipotesis.
Estimasi titik adalah menduga nilai tunggal parameter populasi. Estimasi
Interval adalah menduga nilai parameter populasi dalam bentuk interval.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Uji
hipotesis adalah suatu proses untuk menentukan apakah dugaan tentang nilai
parameter /karakteristik populasi didukung kuat oleh data sampel atau tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Hipotesis
dalam inferensi statistik dibezakan menjadi hipotesis nol (Ho), iaitu
hipotesis yang akan diuji oleh suatu prosedur statistik, biasanya berupa suatu
pernyataan tidak adanya perbezaan atau tidak adanya hubungan, dan hipotesis
alternatif (H1), iaitu hipotesis yang merupakan lawan dari Ho biasanya berupa
pernyataan tentang adanya perbezaan atau adanya hubungan, yang selanjutnya
digunakan untuk menunjukan bahwa pernyataan mendapat sokongan kuat dari data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Tahap-tahap uji hipotesis secara umum, iaitu:<br />
1. Tentukan model probabiliti yang betul dari data,<br />
2. Tentukan hipotesis Ho dan H1,<br />
3. Tentukan statistik penguji,<br />
4. Tentukan tingkat signifikan,<br />
5. Tentukan daerah kritik berdasarkan tingkat signifikan,<br />
6. Hitung statistik penguji,<br />
7. Alternatif, hitung p-value berdasarkan statistik penguji, dan<br />
8. Ambil kesimpulan berdasarkan poin 6 dan 7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://exponensial.wordpress.com/2010/06/29/statistika-sejarah-dan-makna/" title="Permalink ke Statistika: Sejarah dan Makna">Statistik: Sejarah dan Makna</a></span></h3>
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<strong><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sejarah Singkat Statistik</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Penggunaan metod statistik dalam penelitian ilmiah dirintis
pertama kali oleh F. Galton sejak tahun 1880 iaitu penggunaan korelasi dalam
penelitian biologi. Akhir abad 19 Karl Pearson mempelopori penggunaan metod statistik dalam pelbagai penelitian biologi dan pemecahan masalah yang
bersifat sosio-ekonomis. Pada tahun 1918-1935, R. Fisher memperkenalkan Analisis Variasi ke dalam literatur statistik. Sejak saat itu
penggunaan statistik semakin meluas dari bidang biologi dan pertanian ke
bidang-bidang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Erti Statistik</span></strong><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 21.6pt;">Statistik diambil dari bahasa latin “status” yang bererti negara.
Statistik bererti keterangan-keterangan yang diutarakan negara dan berguna
bagi negara. Statistik hanya dikaitkan dengan pengajian fakta-fakta dan
angka-angka tentang situasi perekonomian, kependudukan dan politik di suatu
negara.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Statistik tenaga kerja<br />
Statistik produksi pertanian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Sebagai suatu disiplin ilmu Statistik adalah sekumpulan konsep
dan metod tentang pengumpulan, pengajian, analisis dan interprestasi data
kuantitatif bidang kegiatan tertentu dan pengambilan kesimpulan dalam situasi
dimana ada ketidakpastian dan variasi.</span></em><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Jika
yang dibahas hanya terbatas pada pengumpulan, pengajian dan analisis data,
dinamakan statistik deskriptif. Namun demikian, jika semua dibahas dengan
penekanan pada interprestasi data dan pengambilan kesimpulan disebut statistik induktif atau statistik inferensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-44631297393595764962012-11-23T16:53:00.001-08:002012-11-23T16:53:34.528-08:00how to write an article<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-77788272334405311312012-11-23T16:25:00.001-08:002012-12-01T21:29:25.616-08:00 GARIS PANDUAN PENULISAN HASIL KAJIAN ILMIAH<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000;">GARIS PANDUAN PENULISAN HASIL KAJIAN ILMIAH</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">1.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Halaman judul</span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nama penulis dan institusi</span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Gelaran sebenar sendiri yang pendek</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tentukan sebenar artikel</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">2.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Abstrak</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mengandungi hipotesis</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ada sinopsis kaedah yang digunakan</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ada sebutan ringkas perkara</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mengandungi kesimpulan berdasarkan keputusan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ada prosedur mereka bentuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">3.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Ulasan karya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Mengapa kajian sedang dijalankan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Bagaimana ia ditambah kepada pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lebih pendek daripada karya asal</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">4.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Metodologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Gambaran bagi konteks kajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Apa jenis kajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Apa penentuan asal kajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Justifikasi untuk sampel</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">5.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Keputusan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Merupakan bahagian tentang hasil dapatan kajian
anda</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Berbentuk teks deskriptif, jadual dan angka</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000;">ETIKA DALAM PENULISAN HASIL KAJIAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Elakkan isu sensitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Rahsiakan maklumat responden</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ikut prosedur yang betul agar tidak timbul
masalah lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000;">GAYA PENULISAN HASIL KAJIAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">1.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Struktur ayat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ayat ringkas, mudah dengan menggunakan subjek –
verba - objek</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Kata kerja hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Kurangkan penggunaan ayat pasif </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">3</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span><!--[endif]-->Bahasa yang piawai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Bahasa pasar tidak elok digunakan kecuali dalam
cerita fiksen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Bahasa lucah dan kurang manis mesti dielakkan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">4.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Kurangkan ayat berklausa adjektif, adverba atau frasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Panjang sesuatu perenggan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Setiaop perenggan mengandungi ayat topik dan
ayat lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Perenggan yang dibina jangan melebihi satu muka
surat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lebih baik dalam satu muka surat mengandungi dua
hingga tiga perenggan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Gunakan transisi antara perenggan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Gunakan perkataan transisi “however”, “as a
result” untuk membantu pembaca bergerak dari satu tahap kepada tahap pemikiran
yang lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Cara ini melicinkan lagi proses pembacaan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;">7</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span><!--[endif]-->Jauhkan “cliche”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Elakkan menggunakan satu perkataan secara
berulang kerana membosankan pembaca</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: magenta;">Teruskan kepada isi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Jangan sesekali menulis secara berbelit-belit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tulis dengan ringkas, jelas dan tepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
</div>
Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-4446112188116901802012-11-23T09:10:00.003-08:002012-11-23T16:52:36.473-08:00 TIPS MENULIS ARTIKEL JURNAL<br />
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tips umum</strong></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicwmbGXTYN5MkKT2CFHs0uLZexkjtzI-i3pjGk_AS7tcUdb_T3VmPfTq96sAzDV3WNVLOgW6u4ILW7WQN24xOK2B1sAAnIYaAZVCSBDlSAKJdum76S7u492UCkEXCWrbHZxQTTKb7Ly2U/s1600/aaa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicwmbGXTYN5MkKT2CFHs0uLZexkjtzI-i3pjGk_AS7tcUdb_T3VmPfTq96sAzDV3WNVLOgW6u4ILW7WQN24xOK2B1sAAnIYaAZVCSBDlSAKJdum76S7u492UCkEXCWrbHZxQTTKb7Ly2U/s1600/aaa.jpg" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pertama sekali, anda sebagai penulis perlu mempunyai modal jika anda mahu berniaga. Penulisan artikel adalah buah daripada hasil kajian yang anda lakukan. Oleh itu, anda perlu mewujudkan modal itu dahulu sama ada melalui kajian sendiri, kajian kerjasama dengan organisasi ataupun kumpulan.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Anda juga perlu mengenali bidang kepakaran yang menjadi kekuatan anda seperti sosio linguistik, psikolinguistik, psikologi pendidikan, kurikulum, korpus, kontrastif dan sebagainya. Anda juga mungkin sahaja pakar dalam bidang ekonomi dan juga sains. Namun, bidang-bidang ini juga mempunyai sub-sub kepakaran masing-masing. Anda tidak boleh terlalu tamak kerana anda tidak akan mampu untuk menjadi pakar dalam semua bidang. Penulisan artikel yang berkualiti memerlukan fokus dan penelitian dalam literatur yang melibatkan aspek teori serta aplikasi. Bagi membina penguasaan literatur, ia memerlukan masa dan melibatkan pembacaan serta penelitian yang teliti. Anda mungkin boleh menjimatkan masa dalam perkara ini dengan membuat perkongsian pintar dengan pakar. Mungkin para profesor ataupun pelajar Ph.D dan sarjana boleh memandu anda dalam pembacaan literatur. Anda boleh sahaja memohon bantuan mereka dari segi teori dan literatur, namun anda pula mengepalai kajian aplikasinya.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Perkara ini juga biasa berlaku apabila melibatkan projek kajian yang besar. Seorang pakar dari Amerika Syarikat mungkin akan meminta bantuan kepakaran di Malaysia bagi mengepalai pengumpulan maklumat di bahagian Asia Tenggara yang boleh menyempurnakan satu kajian yang berskala besar. Inilah yang dinamakan sebagai kajian kolaborasi dan suasana menang-menang pun dapat diwujudkan antara para pengkaji. Seorang profesor dalam bidang kejuruteraan mungkin sahaja memerlukan bantuan literatur daripada seorang sarjana dalam bidang perubatan ababila kajiannya melibatkan rentas disiplin ilmu. Dengan cara ini, perkongsian kepakaran akan berlaku dan ilmu juga akan berkembang merentasi bidang.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Anda perlu mengenali tokoh dalam bidang penulisan anda. Perkara ini akan membolehkan anda melihat trend perbincangan dan perbahasan semasa dalam bidang tersebut, mengkaji corak perbahasan yang diterima oleh pihak jurnal serta boleh menjejaki nama jurnal yang menerbitkan artikel tersebut. Anda juga boleh merujuk kepada penulisan tokoh tersebut seterusnya dapat meningkatkan lagi mutu akademik penulisan anda.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Anda juga perlu mengkaji corak penulisan dan trend semasa kajian berkaitan dengan bidang anda. Kajian yang baik belum tentu akan diterbitkan oleh jurnal berimpak tinggi sekiranya perbahasan itu sudah lapuk dan sudah tepu. Ini kerana impak yang mampu dihasilkan adalah kurang kerana pengkaji sudah tidak membincangkan perkara itu lagi.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Anda juga perlu mengenali jurnal yang berpotensi menerbitkan hasil penulisan anda. Jurnal-jurnal berimpak tinggi khususnya yang terindeks dalam ISI Tomson dan SCOPUS sangat menitikberatkan skop penulisan. Sekiranya skop penulisan artikel itu terkeluar daripada skop jurnal, maka ia akan ditolak tanpa diwasitkan.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binaan sebuah artikel</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sesebuah artikel akademik biasanya terdiri daripada tajuk, abstrak, pendahuluan, metodologi, dapatan kajian, perbincangan, rumusan dan cadangan, penutup dan senarai rujukan. Saya akan membincangkan perkara ini secara umum supaya ia dapat dimanafaatkan oleh semua.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tajuk</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tajuk artikel haruslah ringkas, jelas dan melambangkan perbahasan utama artikel. Tajuk yang baik seeloknya menarik perhatian ramai untuk membacanya.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Abstrak</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstrak artikel perlu mengandungi pendahuluan ringkas tentang kajian. Selepas itu, penulis perlu menerangkan objektif utama dan objektif terperinci kajian. Sekiranya objektif itu melebihi dua perkara, penulis boleh mempertimbangkan penggunaan nombor bagi menjelaskan perkara ini. Selepas itu, metodologi kajian perlu dijelaskan dengan terperinci. Ia melibatkan reka bentuk kajian, populasi serta kaedah persampelan. Penulis juga perlu menyenaraikan dapatan kajian secara ringkas mengikut turutan objektif kajian tadi. Penggunaan nombor juga mungkin boleh dipertimbangkan sekiranya objektif itu melebihi dua perkara. Abstrak kajian juga perlu disertakan secara ringkas implikasi kajian terhadap amalan semasa ataupun sumbangan kajian terhadap badan ilmu. Jumlah bilangan perkataan dalam abstrak adalah bergantung kepada jurnal. Ada yang menetapkan tidak melebihi 100 patah perkataan, namun kebiasaannya adalah antara 100 sehingga 300 patah perkataan. Sekiranya bilangan abstrak melebihi atau berkurangan daripada jumlah yang ditetapkan, maka kebiasaannya pihak jurnal akan memulangkan artikel itu kembali kepada penulis untuk diperbaiki. Malah ada jurnal yang menetapkan format tertentu dalam penulisan abstrak. Perkara ini bergantung kepada pihak jurnal.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pendahuluan</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pendahuluan artikel perlu mempunyai latar belakang kajian serta teori yang mendasari kajian tersebut. Penulis juga perlu menjelaskan kajian-kajian terdahulu yang pernah membincangkan persoalan yang serupa. Ini bagi membolehkan pembaca melihat kedudukan kajian terbaru ini dalam badan ilmu. Seterusnya, penulis perlu membentangkan pernyataan masalah kajian yang mendorong kajian itu dilakukan. Begitu juga, apakah bentuk sumbangan kajian baru ini terhadap badan ilmu secara keseluruhannya. Kemudian, penulis perlu menyatakan persoalan kajian ataupun hipotesis kajian. Nombor mungkin boleh diperimbangkan sekiranya persoalan kajian itu melebihi satu. Kesemua elemen ini harulah diletakkan di bawah pendahuluan dan dibezakan oleh perenggan yang berbeza. Bahagian ini perlu diringkaskan dan biasanya tidak melebihi 3 halaman. Citaton yang cukup perlu dilakukan penulis bagi menunjukkan bahawa penulis telah menguasai literatur secukupnya. Sebaiknya juga segala perbahasan perlulah dirujuk kepada sumber rujukan utama dan bukannya diambil dari sumber yang kedua seperti penulisan tesis dan sebaginya. Sebagai contohnya, jika penulis bercakap mengenai Teori Piaget, maka rujukan sepatutnya menggunakan buku Piaget itu sendiri dan bukannya tesis atau buku orang lain yang datang selepas itu.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Metodologi</strong></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pada bahagian ini, penulis perlu menjelaskan reka bentuk kajian yang digunakan sepeti kajian eksperimen, tinjauan, kajian kes, <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">action research</em>, kajian etnografi, kajian campuran metode (<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mixed method</em>), analisis dokumen ataupun kajian kepustakaan. Penulis juga harus menerangkan latar belakang populasi, teknik persampelan, jumlah bilangan sampel kajian serta rasional bilangan tersebut, pemilihan responden dan juga lokasi kajian yang terlibat. Selain itu, penulis juga harus menerangkan bentuk-bentuk instrumen yang digunakan, serta teknik kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen yang penulis gunakan. Bagi kajian kualitatif pula sebagi contohnya, penulis harus menerangkan apakah teknik kesahan yang digunakan seperti teknik kesahan Cohen Kappa dan sebagainya. Sekiranya penulis menggunakan akronim, maksud akronim tersebut perlu dijelaskan. Penulis juga perlu menerangkan bentuk teknik analisis yang digunakan seperti penggunaan <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</em> (SPSS), Rasch Model, <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Structural Equation Modelling</em>(SEM) dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dapatan kajian</strong></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Seeloknya, dapatan kajian perlu disusun mengikut susunan persoalan kajian supaya para pembaca dan penilai dapat mengaitkannya dengan persoalan kajian yang disebut terlebih dahulu. Persembahan data juga perlu mengikut standard jurnal. Kebanyakan jurnal menggunakan standard <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The American Psychological Association</em> (APA), namun terdapat juga jurnal yang menggunakan format yang lain. Oleh itu, penelitian kepada format penulisan yang digariskan oleh setiap jurnal akan sedikit sebanyak membantu para penulis. Begitu juga, penulis boleh juga melihat contoh artikel yang telah diterbitkan oleh jurnal tersebut bagi mendapatkan gambaran kasar tentang jangkaan pihak jurnal. Bagi data kualitatif pula, terdapat jurnal yang lebih menggemari teknik naratif berbanding teknik persembahan data sebenar. Oleh itu, perkara ini adalah subjektif dan bergantung kepada setiap jurnal. Walaupun begitu, corak persembahan data ini haruslah teliti, jelas dan tersusun.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perbincangan</strong></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bahagian ini menunjukkan penguasaan penulis dalam membincangkan isu utama penulisan. Seeloknya perbincangan ini disusun mengikut susunan persoalan kajian supaya pembaca dapat fokus dan mengaitkannya dengan dapatan. Penulis perlu membincangkan persoalan kajian secara kritis satu persatu berpandukan dapatan kajian dan ulasan literatur yang mantap. Ia juga perlu disokong oleh teori dan kajian-kajian yang lepas. Seterusnya, penulis harus merumuskan apakah bentuk penemuan baru atau penemuan yang menyokong dapatan terdahulu yang menyumbang kepada badan ilmu dan amalan semasa. Perbincangan perlu ditulis secara sistematik, akademik dan tidak meleret-leret. Setiap pernyataan harus diperkuatkan dengan bukti yang boleh diambil daripada kajian-kajian yang lepas. Elakkan membuat pernyataan secara ‘<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">syok sendiri’</em> tanpa disertakan buktinya. Apa yang penting, perbincangan seharusnya dalam bentuk yang akademik.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kesimpulan dan cadangan</strong></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dalam bahagian ini, penulis harus membuat rumusan secara ringkas tentang kajian yang dilakukan dan apakah bentuk sumbangan kajian tersebut kepada badan ilmu. Penulis juga harus mengemukakan cadangan-cadangan baru yang terhasil daripada penemuan kajian yang dilakukan. terhadap keadaan semasa.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penutup</strong></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Dalam bahagian ini, penulis harus mengemukakan secara ringkas tentang kajian yang dibuat, penemuan-penemuan yang penting dan implikasi kajian. Penulis harus mengelakkan diri daripada membuat <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">citation</em> baru.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rujukan</strong></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Penulis harus memastikan bahawa setiap <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">citation</em> yang dibuat dalam teks harus disebut dalam bahagian rujukan. Penggunaan perisian-perisian tertentu seperti <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">EndNote</em> boleh membantu penulis dalam perkara ini. Senarai rujukan juga perlu ditulis berdasarkan format yang telah ditetapkan. Seeloknya, penulis perlu meluangkan masa untuk membaca<em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Guide for authors</em> yang disediakan oleh pihak jurnal terlebih dahulu. Ini kerana jurnal berlainan menggunakan format yang berlainan pula. Dalam penulisan artikel, penulis perlu memperbanyakkan penggunaan rujukan yang terkini, seboleh-bolehnya 60 peratus terdiri daripada bahan yang berumur kurang daripada 5 tahun daripada tahun artikel itu ditulis. Terdapat juga jurnal yang menghadkan bilangan rujukan bagi setiap artikel. Sebagai contohnya, <em style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gema Online Journal</em> hanya membenarkan penggunaan 30 rujukan bagi setiap artikel yang dihantar.</span></div>
Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-5009031621691570732012-11-23T04:15:00.002-08:002012-11-23T04:28:55.579-08:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: #d9ead3;">::PENULISAN CADANGAN PENGAJIAN::</b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u>PENDAHULUAN</u></i></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Menyediakan proposal penyelidikan adalah suatu proses.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kepentingan proposal:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> untuk memberitahu kepada pensyarah bidang kajian yang diminati dan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">mempengaruhi siapakah penyelia.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> untuk melaksanakan kajian itu bagi mendapatkan hasil yang diingini.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Menggambarkan bahawa pengkaji bersedia secara independent untuk</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">membuat kajian dan berupaya membincangkannya secara jelas dan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">baik.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u style="background-color: #d9ead3;">PROSES SEBUAH PENYELIDIKAN</u></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #d9ead3;"><br />
<br />
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Idea - Theory - Design/method - Data collection - Analysis - Finding</span></li>
</ul>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Idea - Design - Method - Data collection - Theory - Analysis - Findings</span></li>
</ul>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u style="background-color: #d9ead3;">1. MEMIKIRKAN IDEA</u></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bagaimana idea untuk membuat kajian boleh muncul?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">a. Pengalaman peribadi. (di tempat kerja, sekolah, keluarga, masyarakat)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">b. Pengalaman orang lain (berita, penceritaan dan laporan)Idea akan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">banyak muncul.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Dunia adalah medan untuk buat kajian.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Isu utamanya ialah bagaimana memilih satu tajuk yang bersifat 'researchable'</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dan 'investigable'.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Ada minat, kecenderungan dan kesukaan terhadap topik. Boleh</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">berbicara tentangnya dalam masa 10 minit.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Sudah biasa dengan bahan literatur dan perkembangan semasa ilmu</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">berkenaan. Boleh menyenaraikan buku rujukan dan 'tesis' yang terdapat</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dalamnya.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Ada kehendak untuk menyumbang sesuatu kepada bidang ilmu</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">berkenaan. Nyatakan sumbangan yang hendak dibuat.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u style="background-color: #d9ead3;">2. MEMIKIRKAN TAJUK</u></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ramai calon memikirkan tajuk, tanpa memikirkan isu.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Cara terbaik ialah:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Menentukan bidang yang diminati sepanjang pengajian.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Mencari isu-isu dalam bidang yang diminati.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Bagaimana mencari isu yang akan membina tajuk?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Membaca sebarang dapatan atau persoalan atau prospek kajian</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dalam artikel jurnal kertas kerja.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Timbul persoalan dalam media.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Perbincangan dengan pensyarah.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Tentukan „bidang besar‟, kemudiannya „domain.‟ Bidang besar seperti</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">„undang-undang tort‟. Domainnya, „kacau ganggu.‟</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Menulis tesis adalah suatu perjuangan. Apa perjuangan kita?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u>3. MEMBINA PENGENALAN</u></i></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kandungan pengenalan mestilah menarik minat penilai. Daripada</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">pengenalan, penilai terus tahu rangka kerja (framework) yang hendak</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dibincangkan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Pengenalan mestilah jelas dan terus berkaitan dengan topik, bukannya</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">menerawang.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Maklumkan kepada pembaca tentang kajian yang akan dibuat, kenapa ia</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">penting dan sesuai pada masanya.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Gambarkan trend, utamakan yang terdahulu berbanding yang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">terkemudian.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Terus nyatakan maksud dan tidak melalut. Jika boleh, visualkan sebarang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">konsep yang kompleks atau proses yang berkaitan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> 'Pengenalan' mesti berkesinambungan dengan 'Permasalahan Kajian'</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u style="background-color: #d9ead3;">4. PERMASALAHAN KAJIAN</u></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bahagian paling analitikal dalam proposal.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Istilah lain: Problem Statement + Research Questions.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Permasalahan kajian adalah isu yang timbul yang ada disebut dalam</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">literatur, teori, atau amalan yang memerlukan kajian dibuat.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Ia perlu menjawab soalan, “MENGAPA KAJIAN INI PERLU DIBUAT?” @</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">“APA MASALAHNYA SEHINGGA TERPAKSA DIKAJI?”</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Hanya menerusi pembacaan sahaja boleh mengetahui masalah kajian</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dalam sesuatu bidang.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Apa yang perlu dibaca? Artikel jurnal dan kertas kerja seminar: kerana ia</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">membincangkan situasi dan status sesuatu isu pada ketika itu.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Setiap permasalahan: perlu dicatatkan dalam bentuk peta minda ataupun</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">point form. Agar kita faham struktur sesuatu masalah.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kaedah mengarang:</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Wujudkan kesinambungan dengan merumuskan 'Pengenalan'.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Bahagian ini perlu jelaskan lebih lanjut & tajamkan matlamat & rasional</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">kajian ini dibuat.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Setiap satu masalah perlu digambarkan dalam bentuk:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Nyatakan masalah dalam satu tajuk kecil.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Perincikan masalah berasaskan tinjauan literatur</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Nyatakan ‘sumber’ yang menyokong kewujudan masalah..</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Nyatakan ‘persoalan kajian’ yang terbina daripada masalah ini.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Setiap satu ‘permasalahan kajian’ mestilah membina satu objektif kajian.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u style="background-color: #d9ead3;">5. OBJEKTIF</u></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Daripada permasalahan kajian, kita membina objektif. Ini bermakna,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">objektif mestilah berakar umbi dari permasalahan kajian yang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dibincangkan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Tujuan objektif ialah untuk memberitahu mengapa kajian ini dibuat dan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">matlamat yang hendak dicapai.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Objektif juga akan memandu kepada pengkaji untuk membina bab</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">penulisan secara berstruktur. Setiap objektif perlu ada bab yang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">menjawabnya.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Objektif mesti dicapai dalam perbincangan kajian dan dikupas dalam</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">rumusan untuk membuktikan ia telah dicapai.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Sekiranya antara permasalahan kajian – objektif – bab tiada sebarang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">perkaitan dan berterabur, kajian itu ditulis dengan cara yang tidak tepat.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u style="background-color: #d9ead3;">6. PENENTUAN KAEDAH PENYELIDIKAN</u></i></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pelajari dan pastikan kita memilih kaedah yang betul untuk sesuatu bidang</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">kajian. Contoh: untuk mengkaji keberkesanan sesuatu perundangan, apakah</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">metodnya?</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Cara untuk tahu, hendaklah membaca buku panduan metodologi yang khusus</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">untuk bidang itu. Contoh: Kalau muamalat, baca buku Research methods in</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Banking and Finance. Undang-undang = legal research.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kaedah pengumpulan data utk kualitatif.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Analisa kandungan (bukannya kajian kepustakaan)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Temubual mendalam (semi-struktur @ struktur sepenuhnya)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Pemerhatian</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kaedah analisa data: contohnya: menggunakan perisian analisa.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Pendekatan: historis, analatikal, deskriptif dan lain-lain.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Contoh:</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kajian ini adalah kajian kualitatif menggunakan kaedah analisa kandungan dan</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">juga temu bual mendalam separa-struktur.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> A. analisa kandungan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Mengkaji dan menganalisa pandangan ulama 4 mazhab berkenaan…</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kajian menganalisa perbandingan pendapat ulama, dalil pegangan mereka, cara mereka</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">memahami dalil dalam kitab usul fiqh, kitab fiqh, kitab fatawa,</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Dalam menganalisa kefahaman hadis, kajian merujuk kepada kitab syarah hadis dan juga kitab</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">takhrij seperti…</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Dalam menganalisa tafsiran ayat al-Quran, kajian merujuk kepada kitab yang menyentuh ayat</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ahkam seperti… dan kitab tafsir seperti …</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kajian merujuk kepada fatwa semasa berkenaan isu berkaitan …</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> B. Temu bual Mendalam Separa Struktur</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kajian akan membuat temu bual mendalam kepada 10 orang hakim Mahkamah Tinggi Syariah</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">berkenaan… 10 Hakim dipilih kerana… Soalan-soalan berbentuk separa struktur menyentuh …</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u><b>7</b>. SKOP KAJIAN</u></i></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Membuat skop kajian agar:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kajian tidak terlalu besar dan tidak terlalu kecil.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Mengurangkan kritikan terhadap hasil kajian.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Skop yang boleh dibuat:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Menghadkan sampel dalam temu bual ataupun borang soal selidik.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Menghadkan kumpulan sasaran kajian.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Setiap skop perlu bincangkan rasionalnya secara ringkas.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u>8. KEPENTINGAN KAJIAN</u></i></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Jelaskan bagaimana kajian yang akan dibuat boleh menghalusi, menilai</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">semula atau mengembangkan ilmu dalam bidang kajian.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Sumbangan itu perlulah menyentuh substantif ilmu itu, teori atau</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">metodologikal.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Pastikan ada sumbangan kepada pihak yang terlibat dengan bidang</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">kajian seperti agensi kerajaan, pihak profesional dan negara.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Bincangkan sejauh mana kajian kita ini boleh mempengaruhi pembentukan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">polisi, perundangan, amalan, teori, kaedah dan kerja-kerja penyelidikan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">pada masa akan datang.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u>9. SOROTAN LITERATUR</u></i></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Memahami cara yang betul dalam membuat tinjauan literatur. Mestilah</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">berkaitan dan relevan dengan perkara yang ingin dikaji.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Apa yang hendak ditinjau:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Perkara yang sudah dibangunkan oleh sarjana lalu dalam sesebuah teori</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">ataupun persoalan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kritikan sarjana terhadap kerja penyelidikan sarjana lain.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Kepentingan membuat tinjauan literatur:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Mendalami perbincangan intelektual para sarjana berkenaan isu itu.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Memastikan tiada duplikasi dan ciplak pada hasil kajian.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Menunjukkan adanya nilai kesarjanaan dan novelty.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Apabila sudah menerangkan, maka di akhir kesimpulan kita membuktikan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">kajian kita adalah perlu dan relevan kerana persoalan yang kita bawakan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">masih belum dijawab oleh mana-mana sarjana.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><u><i>1O. MENYUSUN BAB</i></u></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Setiap bab mestilah menjawab permasalahan kajian dan objektif.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Susun bab mengikut setiap satu permasalahan kajian dan objektif.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Disertasi yang lemah ialah apabila penilai tidak dapat memastikan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">apakah setiap bab telah menjawab setiap objektif secara teratur.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Setiap bab mestilah berkaitan. Mencabut salah satu bab, akan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">mencacatkan disertasi. Sekiranya tidak terkesan, maksudnya disertasi itu</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">bermasalah.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i><u>11. MENYUSUN RUJUKAN</u></i></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Ada perbezaan antara rujukan (referrence) dan bibliografi.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Memandangkan tajuk dan masalah kajian telah diperolehi, maka kita</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">sudah boleh menyenaraikan rujukan yang akan digunakan. Rujukan juga</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">mestilah yang berkaitan dengan tinjauan literatur yang dibuat.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Manfaatkan teknologi. Susun rujukan agar mudah diakses dan dicari.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Perlu ada satu kaedah untuk mengumpul dan memproses bahan rujukan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bukan sekadar fotostat dan simpan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Sesuatu rujukan mungkin relevan untuk banyak sub topik. Maka, perlu</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dipisahkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam ‘folder’ yang berkaitan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Semakin banyak rujukan, semakin menggambarkan kita faham dalam</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">perkara yang dikaji.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Pastikan format diikuti.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>PANDUAN UMUM</i></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bacalah proposal terdahulu yang dibuat oleh calon sebelum kita. Agar kita boleh </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">buat penilaian sama ada kelebihan atau kekurangannya, dan juga, kebaikan dan</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">kelemahannya.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Cara: baca bab 1 setiap disertasi yang telah siap dijilid.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Sediakan diri dengan PROPOSAL ataupun OUTLINE IDEA sebelum bertemu dengan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">penasihat akademik ataupun penyelia.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Sentiasa memperbaiki proposal sedia ada. Dapatkan komentar daripada para</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">pensyarah pelbagai bidang untuk melihat dari sudut berbeza.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Memahami fungsi pensyarah yang menjadi penasihat akademik. Bincangkan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">proposal dengan sikap terbuka untuk menerima kritikan dan cabaran.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Bersedia untuk perubahan pada bidang proposal. Ada kalanya disebabkan</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">beberapa faktor seperti kualiti proposal, area studies yang sudah banyak dibuat</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dan juga geran penyelidikan.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Jangan melakukan jenayah akademik! Seperti meniru bulat-bulat dalam buku atau</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">tesis orang lain dengan menyalin footnote.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Sediakan diri untuk menguasai bahasa selain Melayu.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: purple;"><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: purple;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><br /></span>
</span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #d9ead3;"><br /></span>
Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-63140022024988855672012-11-22T16:56:00.004-08:002012-11-23T16:35:19.309-08:00<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; color: #660000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">penulisan laporan penyelidikan adalah satu laporan pengajian yang melaporkan berkaitan penyiasatan atau penerokaan masalah, mengenalpasti soalan yang dikenalpasti, dan mengandungi data yang dikumpul serta analisis yang ditafsir oleh penyelidik</span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #660000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">(Cresswell, 2010)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Jenis-jenis laporan penyelidikan:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Tesis / disertasi</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Artikel jurnal</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kertas persidangan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Laporan kepada penaja</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Laporan kepada pembuat polisi</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Suumber panduan penulisan:</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Meneliti gaya penulisan APA</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Meneliti enam langkah penyelidikan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Mengenalpasti soalan dan hipotesis kejian</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Membaca laoparan berkaitan (jurnal, kertas prosiding, tesis, laporan teknikal)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Struktur laporan penyelidikan kuantitatif:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Judul</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Abstrak</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pengenalan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Sorotan literatur</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Kaedah pengajian</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Pembangunan perisian (jika berkaitan)</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Analisis data</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Perbincangan dan kesimpulan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Rujukan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Lampiran</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bagaimana menulis laporan secara akademik:</span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Gunakan bahasa yang tiada diskriminasi - Aras yang spesifik, label untuk manusia, terma untuk manusia sesuai dengan bahasanya</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Gunakan terma akademik</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Gunakan pandangan anda secara konsisten - pandangan kedua</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Seimbang antara penyelidikan dan kandungan</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Gabungkan dan damaikan semua bahagian dalam kajian</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #783f04;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Gunakan perisian komputer berkaitan (RMS - EndNote, Mendele</span>y)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-89264014122715823012012-10-19T18:32:00.002-07:002012-11-23T16:46:16.911-08:00Analisis data – statistik inferensi<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Statistik inferensi digunakan jika kita ingin menghuraikan hubungan
di antara variabel-variabel kajian dan juga mengaitkannya dengan
ciri-ciri sampel kepada populasi kajian. Sebab itulah jika kita mahukan
generalisasi keputusan kajian, maka kena fikirkan agar kita menggunakan
analisis data melalui statistik inferensi dalam kajian kita. Dengan kata
lain, di antara prosedur untuk membuat generalisasi mengenai populasi
yang dikaji adalah dengan menggunakan analisis data secara statistik
inferensi.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Walaubagaimanapun, untuk menggunakan statistik inferensi dalam kajian, kita perlu memenuhi andaian statistikal (<em>statistical assumptions</em>)
yang telah ditetapkan terlebih dahulu. Ini merupakan syarat wajib dalam
perbincangan statistik inferensi. Maksudnya dalam setiap apa yang kita
pilih dan kita gunakan mesti mempunyai <em>justification</em>, kenapa
kita boleh menggunakannya dan memilih untuk menggunakannya. Oleh itu
melalui andaian statistikal ini kita dapat menjawab persoalan – kenapa
kita memilih dan boleh menggunakan statistik inferensi dalam kajian
kita.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Terdapat empat andaian statistikal yang perlu dipenuhi;</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">a) Data-data mesti dalam bentuk persampelan rawak (random sampling)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">b) Skala pengukuran mesti dalam bentuk interval atau ratio</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">c) Variabel dalam bentuk taburan normal (normal distribution)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">d) Karakteristik sampel menggambarkan ciri-ciri populasi yang sebenar</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Statistik inferensi melibatkan analisis bivariat dan multivariat.
Analisis bivariat hanya melibatkan dua variabel kajian untuk tujuan
menentukan hubungan ataupun perbezaan/perbandingan di antara
kedua-duanya. Antara jenis analisis bivariat yang popular dalam kalangan
pengkaji kajian kuantitatif ini ialah analisis korelasi, ANOVA, <em>regression</em> dan juga <em>t-test</em>.
Sebagai contohnya objektif kajian ialah untuk menentukan perkaitan dan
juga hubungan di antara umur dan tahap kemahiran berkomunikasi. Oleh itu
terdapat dua variabel utama yang dibincangkan iaitu umur dan tahap
kemahiran berkomunikasi (kedua-dua variabel adalah data ratio/score).
Analisis yang sesuai ialah dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi untuk
menentukan umur mempunyai perkaitan dan hubungan dengan tahap kemahiran
berkomunikasi iaitu sama ada responden yang mempunyai tahap umur yang
muda/rendah lebih tinggi tahap kemahiran komunikasinya atau sebaliknya.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #d9ead3; color: #20124d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Manakala multivariat melibatkan lebih daripada variabel kajian. Di
antara analisis multivariat yang biasa digunakan ialah seperti korelasi
spara, multi regresi, MANOVA dan juga MANCOVA (Harap dapat dipanjangkan
perbincangan ini pada masa-masa yang akan datang)</span></span>Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-87073013425718327332012-10-19T18:30:00.004-07:002012-10-19T18:30:56.801-07:00Jenis analisis data – statistik deskriptifDalam kajian kuantitatif sebagai contohnya melalui kaedah tinjauan (<em>survey</em>),
terdapat beberapa jenis analisis data bergantung kepada jenis kaedah
pengumpulan data. Jenis analisis data terbahagi kepada dua jenis utama
iaitu sama ada menggunakan analisis statistikal deskriptif ataupun
analisis statistikal inferensi.<br />
Statistikal deskriptif ialah menganalisis data secara peratusan, frekuensi serta dengan menggunakan <em>Measure of central tendency</em>
(MCT) (ukuran kecenderungan memusat) – min, mod dan median. Dalam
statistik deskriptif, jenis analisis data sering melibatkan analisis
bivariat iaitu dengan hanya menggunakan satu pemboleh ubah sahaja.
Selalunya dalam bab analisis data, untuk faktor demografi seperti
jantina, umur dan juga pendidikan kita sering menggunakan peratusan dan
frekuensi. Sebagai contohnya peratusan dan jumlah responden lelaki dan
perempuan. Bagi pemboleh ubah seperti umur, kita juga boleh mengenal
pasti min iaitu purata umur responden contohnya.<br />
<br />
Bagi MCT iaitu min, mod dan median – Min ialah skor purata data. Mod
pula skor data yang paling kerap/banyak – kekerapan tertinggi. Manakala
median ialah skor yang ada di tengah-tengah yang dapat membahagikan data
kepada dua bahagian.<br />
Dalam statistikal deskriptif selain MCT, <em>measure of dispersion</em> (ukuran serakan) juga turut dibincangkan iaitu <em>range</em>, <em>variance</em> dan <em>standard deviation</em>.<br />
Kalau masuk kelas statistik, ini adalah di antara topik-topik awal
yang akan dibincangkan sebelum dipanjangkan dengan topik-topik
statistikal inferensi. Asas fungsi statistik ialah untuk menguruskan dan
menterjemahkan data supaya dapat difahami. Selalunya untuk statistik
deskriptif ini jadual taburan kekerapan (<em>frequency table</em>) dibuat untuk membaca data dengan senang.<br />
<br />
Kelas statistik bukanlah kelas yang susah dan menyeramkan. Yang pasti
pelajar perlu minat dan bersedia untuk mencabar diri dengan
nombor-nombor. Senang bukan! Dalam ilmu statistik bukan macam ilmu
matematik. Nak faham statistik kena faham keseluruhan <em>research</em>
kita. Yang paling penting kena faham objektif kajian barulah boleh
diselarikan dengan jenis pengumpulan data dan jenis analisis data.
Sebagai contohnya jika objektif kajian kita mengenai tahap kemahiran
berkomunikasi dalam kalangan responden. Dan kita gunakan reka bentuk <em>survey</em>
dan instrumen soal selidik bagi mendapatkan data. Jenis analisis data
kita seharusnya menggunakan statistik deskriptif dengan frekuensi.
Kenapa? Kerana ia merupakan analisis bivariat iaitu menggunakan hanya
satu pemboleh ubah sahaja – tahap kemahiran berkomunikasi. Dan kita
hanya melihat frekuensi iaitu taburan kekerapan responden yang
berkomunikasi dengan instrumen – ciri-ciri kemahiran berkomunikasi
mereka.Penganalisian Data & Penulisan Laporan Penyelidikanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09281048471541589448noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6215360270371555162.post-54973185053279730962012-10-19T18:16:00.003-07:002012-10-19T18:16:51.539-07:00How to write a research paper<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Start
early</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Begin working on your essay as soon
as the assignment is given. Take advantage of the time at your disposal to do
your research and writing to meet the due date. If you wait until the last
minute, you may have difficulty finding library materials, particularly if
other students are researching the same topic, and you may be pressured by
other assignments.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Select a topic</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keeping in mind the guidelines your
instructor has set down for the assignment in terms of length, subject matter,
types of sources, etc., choose a topic you would be interested in pursuing.
Your next step is to verify at the library that thereis sufficient material to
support your choice. If not, discard your topic and adopt a more realistic one.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Narrow the topic</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do not fall into the trap of
selecting a topic that is so broad you would have to write a book to do it justice.
Limit your topic to one particular aspect that you will be able to treat
thoroughly within the prescribed limits of your essay. Background reading in a
general or specialized encyclopedia will give you a clue as to the subject's
natural limits and divisions. A librarian can direct you to the encyclopedia
that will be appropriate to your particular needs. You can also consult <a href="http://library.concordia.ca/research/subjects/"><span style="color: blue;">Research
Guides by Subject</span></a>.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compose a tentative outline</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roughly organize your thoughts to
produce an outline that will give direction to your reading and note-taking.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gather supporting material</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Take advantage of the Libraries'
varied resources:</span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Check CLUES, the library catalogue, for books,
government publications, or videos on your topic.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consult the databases to locate articles from scholarly
journals, newspapers and other sources.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Request the advice of your instructor or a librarian
who may be able to direct you to other sources pertinent to your subject
area.</span></li>
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<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6215360270371555162" name="read"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Read and review your documentation</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For each source that you have
consulted, be sure you have all the information necessary to cite it in your
bibliography. Accuracy at this stage will save you the trouble of having to
re-trace your steps when you are writing your final draft. For a book, mark
down the author, title, place of publication, publisher and copyright date. For
an article from a journal, take note of the author, title of the article, title
of the journal, volume and issue number, date and inclusive page numbers. For a
Web document, take down the author, title, date, URL (Web address) and date
consulted.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Draft a final outline</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Map out your approach by composing a
detailed sentence outline. First, compose a thesis statement. This one sentence
statement is the most important one of your entire research paper so be sure to
phrase it carefully. A thesis statement clearly communicates the subject of
your paper and the approach you are going to take. It is the controlling factor
to which all information that follows must relate. Secondly, group and regroup
your notes according to the various aspects of your topic until you find a
sequence that seems logical. This can serve as the basis for your outline.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Write a rough draft</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In writing a rough draft you are
striving for a flow of ideas. Write using your final outline and organized
notes as guides. Do not worry about correct spelling or punctuation at this
stage. Remember that the purpose of a rough draft is to see if you have a
logical progression of arguments and sufficient supporting material.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Revise the rough draft</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Make the necessary adjustments until
you are satisfied your statements flow logically and your ideas have been fully
presented in clear, concise prose. You may need to review your documentation if
some sections of your text need further development.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Compile your bibliography</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A bibliography is a listing in
alphabetical order according to the author's last name of all the sources you
consulted in preparing your research paper. It is presented on a separate page
at the end and is set up according to a standard format that you will find
described in most style manuals. <a href="http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citations.html"><span style="color: blue;">Examples</span></a> of the most commonly used citation
styles (APA, MLA, Chicago) are available. <a href="http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/refworks.php"><span style="color: blue;">RefWorks</span></a> is a Web-based tool that helps organize
the references you find and automatically prepares a bibliography .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proofread</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">You are now ready to focus primarily
on the style of your essay rather than the content. Make use of:</span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a dictionary or spellcheck for correct spelling</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a thesaurus for synonyms</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a grammar book</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a style manual for the mechanics of citing references</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6215360270371555162" name="plagiarism"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plagiarism</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Representing another person's ideas
as your own within the context of your essay is plagiarism. In most
universities, serious penalties are exercised against students who plagiarize,
not the least of which can include failure of the course for which the essay
was submitted. Play it safe - acknowledge any use of another person's ideas,
whether the information is quoted directly, paraphrased, or summarized. The
correct procedure for referencing is described in most style manuals (see also
the <a href="http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citations.html#citing"><span style="color: blue;">citation style sheets and guides on avoiding plagiarism</span></a>).</span></div>
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